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LEX
COLLEGII SALIS MERCATORUM IN VICO QUODAM AEGYPTIO DEGENTIUM
Ordinance issued by the association of the salt merchants of Tebtynis
( August
18, AD 47 ) |
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( V. Arangio-Ruiz, Fontes iuris Romani
antejustiniani, III, Firenze, 1943, pp. 121-125, n. 46 ).
Latin translation
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Anno
VII Tiberii Claudii Caesaris Augusti Germanici imperatoris, mense Caesareo
XXV. |
In
unum congressis infrascriptis uiris salis mercatoribus Tebtuni domicilium
habentibus communi sententia placuit unum ex eorum numero magistrum
creari eundemque curatorem et exactorem publicorum proximi anni octaui
Tiberii Claudii Caesaris Augusti Germanici, (et ad hunc honorem
eligi) Apynchim Orseutis filium, ut idem Apynchis omnia publica
eiusdem ministerii causa debita proximo anno soluat ; et omnes
una salem uendere in suprascripto uico Tebtuni ; item Orseutem
sorte electum esse ut gypsum solus uendat in suprascripto uico Tebtuni
et in uicis proximis, cuius rei causa computet praeter partem publicorum
ad se respicientem alias argenteas drachmas LXVI ; item eundem
Orseutem sorte electum esse quod pertinet ad uicum Kerkesim, ut solus
ibi salem uendat, cuius rei causa similiter computet (praeter summas
suprascriptas) alias argenteas drachmas octo ; item sorte
electum esse Harmiusim qui et Bellen Harmiusis filium, ut solus salem
gypsumque uendat in uico Tristomo qui et Bucolo, cuius rei causa soluat
praeter partem publicorum ad se respicientem alias argenteas drachmas
quinque. Praeterea salem bonum obolorum duorum et dimidii uendent et
tenuem obolorum duorum et tenuiorem oboli unius et dimidii, mensuris
nostris uel publici horrei : sin autem quispiam minoris uendat,
poenae nomine in commune daturum argenteas drachmas octo et in publicum
totidem : si quis uero ex eorum numero mercatori uendidisse inueniatur
plus quam staterem salis, poenae nomine in commune det argenteas drachmas
octo et in publicum totidem : quod si mercator empturus fuerit
plus quam drachmarum IV, tum necessario omnes communiter eidem uendituros :
denique si quis gypsum importauerit extra uicos suprascriptos uenditurus,
necessario depositurum in Orseutis Harmiusis filii horreo usque dum
in extranea loca uenditurus auferat. Praeterea singulorum mensium die
XXV bibent singuli ceruisiae amphoram unam : (si quis in coetu
praesens non fuerit ?), si in ipso uico (Tebtuni) drachmae
unius, si extra uicum drachmarum IV, si in metropoli drachmarum VIII
(multetur) : si quis autem pactionibus non steterit et
aliquod publicorum uel insuper impositorum non soluerit, Apynchi suprascripto
licere manum in eum inicere siue in foro siue domi siue in agro et custodiae
tradere. |
Apynchis
(?) magister annorum XXXII cicatricem ferens in supercilio sinistro.... |
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Greek text ( Duke
Data Bank of Documentary Papyri ).
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| ἔτους
ἑβδόμου Τιβερίου Κλαυδίου Καίσαρος Σεβαστοῦ Γερμανικοῦ | Αὐτοκράτορος
μηνὸς Καισαρήου κε. |
ἐλθόντες
ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ οἱ ὑπο-|γεγραμμένοι ἄνδρες ἁλοπῶλαι τῶν ἀπὸ Τεβτύνεως ἔδοξεν
| ἑαυτοῖς κοινῇ γνώμῃ προχειρίσαι τινὰ ἐξ αὑτῶν ἄνδρα ἀγαθὸν | τὸν καὶ
ἐπιμελητὴν καὶ εἰσάκτην τῶν δημοσίων Ἀπύνχιν | Ὀρσεῦτος τοῦ εἰσιόντος
ὀγδόου ἔτους Τιβερίου Κλαυδίου | Καίσαρος Σεβαστοῦ Γερμανικοῦ Αὐτοκράτορος,
τοῦ αὐτοῦ | Ἀπύνχεος εἰσάγοντος τὰ δημόσια τῆς αὐτῆς ἐργασίας | ἅπαντα
τοῦ αὐτοῦ εἰσιόντος ἔτους, καὶ πάντας ἐπὶ τὸ αὐ-|τὸ πωλεῖν τόν τε ἅλα
ἐν τῇ προκιμένῃ κώμῃ Τεβτύνει καὶ | κεκληρῶσθαι τὸν μὲν Ὀρσεῦν μόνον
πωλεῖν τὴν γύψον | {μόνος} ἐν τῇ προκιμένῃ κώμῃ Τεβτύνι καὶ ἐν ταῖς
συνκυ-|ροῦσι κώμαις, ὑπὲρ οὗ διαγράψει χωρὶς τοῦ ἐπιβάλλοντος | αὐτῷ
μέρους τῶν δημοσίων ἄλλας ἀργυρίου δραχμὰς ἑξήκοντα | ἕξ . καὶ ὁμοίως
ὁ αὐτὸς Ὀρσεῦς κεκληρῶσθαι τὴν Κερκῆσιν τοῦ | πωλεῖν ἐν αὐτῇ μόνον ἅλα,
ὑπὲρ οὗ διαγράψει ὁμοίως {ὑπὲρ τού-|των} ἄλλας ἀργυρίου δραχμὰς ὀκτώ ,
καὶ κεκληρῶσθαι | Ἁρμιῦσιν τὸν καὶ Βελλῆν Ἁρμιύσιος μόνον τὸ πωλεῖν
| ἅλα καὶ γύψον ἐν κώμῃ Τριστόμου τοῦ καὶ Βουκόλου, ὑπὲρ | οὗ τελέσει
χωρὶς τοῦ ἐπιβάλλοντος αὐτῷ μέρους δημοσίων | ἄλλας ἀργυρίου δραχμὰς
πέντε , ἐφ᾽ ᾧ πωλήσουσι τὸν ἅλα
τὸν | καλὸν ἐξ ὀβολῶν δύο ἡ̣μίσους καὶ τὸν λεπτὸν ὀβολῶν δύο | καὶ τὸν
ἐπὶ τὸ λεπτότερον ὀβολοῦ ἑνὸς ἡμίσους τῷ τε | ἡ̣[μ]ῶ̣ν
μέτρῳ ἢ τῷ τοῦ θησαυροῦ. ὣς ἄν τις πωλήσῃ ἐλάτ-|τονος τούτω[ν] ζημιούσθω
ὁ τοιοῦτος εἰς τὸ κοινὸν ἀργυρί-|[ου] δραχμὰς ὀκτὼ καὶ εἰς τὸ δημόσιον
τὰς ἴσας, καὶ ἐὰν | [δέ] τις αὐτῶν εὑρεθῇ πεπρακὼς ἐμπόρῳ πλείω στα-|τ̣ῆ̣ρος
ἁλὸς ζημιούσθω ὁ τοιοῦτος εἰς τὸ κοινὸν ἀργυρίου | δραχμὰς ὀκτὼ καὶ
εἰς τὸ δημόσιον τὰς ἴσας. ἐὰν δὲ {ω πλ\υ/ω̣ι̣} | μέλλῃ ὁ ἔμπορος πλείω
ἀγοράζειν (δραχμῶν) δ ἐπάναγκον | πάντας πωλήσειν αὐτῷ κοινῶς. ἐὰν δέ
τις ἐνέγκῃ γύψ-|ον καὶ μέλλῃ πωλεῖν ἐπὶ ξένης ἐπάναγκον ἐαθήσε-|ται
ἐν τοῖς τοῦ Ὀρσεῦτος Ἁρμιύσιος μέχρι οὗ λάβῃ
ἐπὶ | ξένης καὶ πωλήσῃ ἐφ᾽ ᾧ πίονται
κατὰ μῆνας ἀεὶ τῇ κε | ἕ[κ]α̣στος ζύτου χοῦν ἕνα , ἐάν τε πλ̣ερε̣τιν,
ἐάν τε λι | .[.].σ̣τάσεος, ἐπὶ μὲν κώμης (δραχμὴν) α, ἐπὶ δὲ ξένης
(δραχμὰς) δ, ἐπὶ | δ[ὲ τῆς] μητροπόλεως
(δραχμὰς) η. τὸν δὲ ἀδωσιδικοῦντα | [καὶ μ]ὴ̣ [ἀ]ν̣απλεροῦντά
τι τῶν δημοσίων ἢ καὶ τῶν | [προσε]ν̣κληθησομένων
αὐτοῖς ἐξεῖναι τῷ αὐτῷ Ἀπ-|[ύνχι ἐνε]χυράζειν αὐτοὺς ἔν τε τῇ πλατείᾳ
καὶ ἐν | [ταῖς οἰκί]α̣ι̣ς̣ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀγρῶι καὶ παραδιδόναι αὐτοὺς |
[καθὼς πρό]κι̣τ̣α̣ι̣.
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| Versibus
43-47 sequuntur subscriptiones quinque uirorum, aetatibus et cicatricibus
adiectis : quorum quamquam nomina deperdita sunt, tamen notandum
est u. 44 |
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| [.......].
ἡγο[ύ]μενο(ς) (ὡς ἐτῶν) λβ οὐλὴ ὀφρύι ἀρ[ι]στερᾷ . . . . |
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English translation ( Advanced Papyrological
Information System ).
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The
seventh year of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus Imperator,
the 25th of the month Kaisareios. |
The
undersigned men, salt merchants of Tebtynis, meeting together have decided
by common consent to elect one of their number, a good man, Apynchis,
son of Orseus, both supervisor and collector of the public taxes for
the coming eighth year of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
Imperator, the said Apynchis to pay in all the public taxes for the
same trade for the same coming year, and (they have decided)
that all alike shall sell salt in the aforesaid village of Tebtynis,
and that Orseus alone has obtained by lot the sole right to sell gypsum
in the aforesaid village of Tebtynis and in the adjacent villages, for
which he shall pay, apart from the share of the public taxes which falls
to him, an additional sixty-six drachmai in silver ; and that the
said Orseus has likewise obtained by lot Kerkesis, alone to sell salt
therein, for which he shall likewise pay an additional eight drachmai
in silver. And that Harmiysis also called Belles, son of Harmiysis,
has obtained by lot the sole right to sell salt and gypsum in the village
of Tristomos also called Boukolos, for which he shall contribute, apart
from the share of the public taxes which falls to him, five additional
drachmai in silver ; upon condition that they shall sell the good
salt at the rate of two and one-half obols, the light salt at two obols,
and the lighter salt at one and one-half obol, by our measure or that
of the warehouse. And if anyone shall sell at a lower price than these,
let him be fined eight drachmai in silver for the common fund and the
same for the public treasury ; and if any of them shall be found
to have sold more than a stater worth of salt to a merchant, let him
be fined eight drachmai in silver for the common fund and the same for
the public treasury ; but if the merchant shall intend to buy more
than four drachmai worth, all must sell to him jointly. And if anyone
shall bring in gypsum and shall intend to sell it outside, it must be
left on the premises of Orseus, son of Harmiysis, until he takes it
outside and sells it. It is a condition that they shall drink regularly
on the 25th of each month each one a chous of beer . . . in
the village one drachme, outside four drachmai, and in the metropolis
eight drachmai. But if anyone is in default and fails to satisfy any
of the public obligations, or any of the claims that shall be made against
him, it shall be permissible for the same Apynchis to arrest him in
the main street or in his house or in the field, and to hand him over
as aforesaid... |
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| ( There
follow parts of the ages and signalments of 5 signatories, whose names
are lost ) |
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► Bibliography
Bilabel, Sammelbuch griechischer
Urkunden aus Aegypten, V, Heidelberg, 1934, n. 8030 ; Boak, AJP, 58, 1937, pp. 210 ss. ; Arangio-Ruiz,
Fontes iuris Romani antejustiniani, III, Firenze, 1943, pp. 121-125,
n. 46 ; Husselman, Boak & Edgerton, Papyri
from Tebtunis, Part 2, Ann Arbor, 1944, n. 245 ;
Archives d'histoire du droit oriental, 4, 1949, p. 83 ;
Taubenschlag, Opera minora, II, Paris-Warszawa, 1959, pp. 140
and 525 ; Braund, Augustus to Nero : A Sourcebook on Roman History,
31 BC-AD 68, London-Sydney, 1985, n. 731 ; Hagedorn & Matrit, ZPE, 88,
1991, p. 125 ; Meijer & van Nijf, Trade,
Transport and Society in the Ancient World, London-New York,
1992, pp. 75-76 ; Pestman & Rupprecht, Berichtigungsliste
der griechischen Papyrusurkunden aus Aegypten, VIII, Leiden,
1992, p. 213 ; Perpillou-Thomas, Fêtes d'Égypte ptolémaïque et
romaine d'après la documentation papyrologique grecque, Louvain,
1993, p. 269 ; Parkins & Smith, Trade,
traders, and the ancient city, London-New York, 1998, p. 172 ;
Melaerts in Mooren, Politics, administration and society
in the Hellenistic and Roman world (Coll. intern., Bertinoro, 1997),
Leuven, 2000, p. 249 ; Muhs, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the
Orient, 44, 2001, pp. 1-21 ; Alston, The city in Roman and Byzantine Egypt,
London-New York, 2002, p. 209 ; Drexhage, Konen & Ruffing, Die Wirtschaft des römischen
Reiches (1.-3. Jahrhundert), Berlin, 2002, p. 254 ;
Mees, Organisationsformen römischer Töpfer-Manufakturen
am Beispiel von Arezzo und Rheinzabern : unter Berücksichtigung
von Papyri, Inschriften und Rechtsquellen, Mainz, 2002, p. 389 ;
Zimmermann, Handwerkervereine im griechischen Osten des Imperium
Romanum, Mainz, 2002, pp. 52, 66, 69 and 77-78 ; Clarysse & Thompson, Counting the People
in Hellenistic Egypt : Historical studies, Cambridge, 2006,
p. 59 ; Jördens, Wirtschaft
und Gesellschaft im spätantiken Ägypten : Kleine Schriften Itzhak
F. Fikhman, Stuttgart, 2006, p. 303 ; Morley, Trade in classical antiquity, Cambridge,
2007, p. 76 ; Liu, Collegia centonariorum : The guilds of textile
dealers in the Roman West, Leiden-Boston, 2009, p. 15.
► Source : Arsinoite papyrus ( P. Mich. V,
245 ).
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