RES IUDICATA SECUNDUM LEGEM CONSTANTINI IMPERATORIS
  
DE PRAESCRIPTIONE LONGISSIMI TEMPORIS
   
Report of proceedings before defensor civitatis about ownership of some property
  
( May 17, AD 339 )
 
 
( V. Arangio-Ruiz, Fontes iuris Romani antejustiniani, III, Firenze, 1943, pp. 318-328, n. 101 ).
  
 
Latin translation ( Col. 2-4 )
  
 
      ‘ . . . . . . ex adiecto libello discere poteris : et caue ne ullo modo publicae exactiones impedimento tibi sint, quominus illarum querelae debitam secundum leges curam habeas. Vale ’.
      Post recitationem subiecit : ‘ Libellum quoque recitabo ’. Et cum recitauisset subiecit : ‘ Nec stulte nec inconsulto libellum obtulerunt mulieres quibus adsumus, praesidali audientiae ’ et cetera.
      Dum loquitur Alexander orator dixit : ‘ Excipio ’.
      Defensor dixit : ‘ Enarra exceptionem ’.
      Alexander dixit : ‘ Melius partibus nostris erat causam in maiore tribunali agi, atque illic, cum manifestum fuisset eas calumniari, aduersarias poenae obnoxias esse : certe omnia mentitae sunt in libello quem praesidali dignitati obtulerunt. Iam enim exceptionem, quam spectabili huic tribunali edidi, secundum leges enarrabo, ut integritatem tuam doceam temere intendisse aduersarias contra nos iudicium. Sacra igitur et uenerabili lege munitus dominorum nostrorum aeternorum Augustorum in iudicium ueni, quae iubet numquam discedere possessionem ab eo, qui quadraginta annos res possederit, nec longinquum possessionis initium inuestigari. Et pater quidem aduersariarum aruras apud uicum Caranidem, nescimus utrum (a praecedentibus dominis) desertas an sibi cessas, possidebat : qui earum culturam faciebat fructusque in suum usum conuertebat proque eis sacratissimo fisco publica tributa pendebat, nulla controuersia intercedente per omnes XLV annos quibus possedit, neque ipso scilicet aduersariarum patre ullam querelam mouente. Postea uero, ne multa dicam, aduersariarum pater decessisse dicitur heredibus relictis filiabus, id est aduersariis : quae cum tributa earum arurarum nomine imposita soluere non possent, fuga usae sunt. Quid ergo facere poterat praepositus pagi ? Sane, securitati suae et simul publicis reditibus prospiciens, in uicum progressus uillicis aruras colendas dedit. Una autem ex aduersariis, huic Nilo nupta qui in tribunali adest, insectata est uicanos, qui praecedenti anno tributorum causa fundum coluissent, et sibi uindicauit recepitque quasi arurarum domina. Quod autem maiorem audientiam fefellerint, peto ut mihi permittatur sacram et uenerabilem legem dominorum nostrorum aeternorum Augustorum recitare, quae iubet, si quadraginta annorum spatium praeterierit aliquo res possidente, nulli omnino licere res inuadere uel longinquam possessionem inquietare ’.
      Defensor dixit ei : ‘ Quam sub manu habere dicis sacram et uenerabilem legem recita ’.
      Et recitauit ita : ‘ Domini nostri Constantinus Augustus et Constantinus et Constantius nobilissimi Caesares Agrippino senatori. Et diutinae possessionis hactenus rationem haberi placuit, ne ab iis <. . . . . .> si constiterit (fundum) de quo controuersia est quadraginta annos possessum esse, possessionis titulus requireretur. Item placuit iusto titulo (interueniente) praescriptione decem uel uiginti annorum eam quae possidet adiuuari, et cetera ’.
      Post recitationem defensor Alexandro dixit : ‘ Recitare te oportet etiam documentum cessionis eis factae, ut interuallum temporis uideamus et ita sacris legibus obtemperari possit ’.
      Alexander dixit : ‘ Utrum desertae an cessae sint (arurae) nescimus : prodest autem diutinum tempus ’.
      Defensor Theodoro aduocato dixit : ‘ Quantum temporis est ex quo istarum pater mortuus est ? ’
      Theodorus dixit : ‘ Non multum abest ’.
      Alexander dixit : ‘ Spatium quadraginta annorum et amplius praeteriit illis has aruras possidentibus ’.
      Defensor ei dixit : ‘ Quot uero anni praeterierunt post inspectionem Sabini quondam censitoris ? ’.
      Theodorus dixit : ‘ Tres quidem et triginta ’.
      Defensor ei dixit : ‘ Quisnam praecedentis anni fructus percepit ? ’
      Theodorus dixit : ‘ Vicani '.
      Nilus procurator ad litem dixit : ‘ Vicani ’.
      Theodorus dixit : ‘ Cum fuga usae essent mulieres quibus adsum plus quam quinque annos, et in alia regione degerent, uicani, ad quos arurarum tributa pertinebant, fundum quidem coluerunt : cum autem ipsae in patriam reuertissent, non modo (easdem) aruras uicani tradiderunt, sed et terras tradiderunt sub nomine Atisii inscriptas, quarum praecedentibus dominis prorsus extraneae erant. Quare ad dominum meum praefectum Aegypti Flauium Philagrum confugerunt, petentes ne harum terrarum nomine inquietarentur, sed ut unusquisque suas glebas haberet, alienarum nomine minime obnoxius. Cum igitur adsint et uicani, qui testes exsistere de ea re possunt, cuius fundus sit et quis seuerit, peto ut illico introducantur et interrogentur ’.
      Defensor Germano dixit : ‘ Quidne ait Germanus praesens ? Quone animo hanc terram conseuistis ? ’
      Per Anubionem interpretem dixit : ‘ Consulto eam conseuimus, ne eius tributis obnoxii fieremus ’.
      Defensor dixit : ‘ Quantum tempus conseuistis ? ’
      Per eundem interpretem respondit : ‘ Unam tantummodo indictionem conseuimus ’.
      Defensor dixit ei : ‘ Et qua ratione nuper Nili familiaribus obtulistis ? ’
      Per eundem interpretem respondit : ‘ Confitentes eorum aruras esse ’.
      Defensor dixit ei : ‘ Satamne terram eis tradidistis ? ’
      Per eundem interpretem respondit : ‘ Minime : sed pro singulis aruris tres tritici artabas soluimus ’.
      Theodorus aduocatus dixit : ‘ Mentitur : nihil mulieres quibus adsum acceperunt, sed coactae sunt eius fundi tributum soluere ’.
      Defensor dixit : ‘ Oportebat autem statim atque coactus es per scripturam obtestari nec tributum soluere ’.
      Nilus per interpretem dixit : ‘ Statim apud praepositum ueni, et dixit mihi : Libellum praefecto offer ’.
      Alexander dixit : ‘ Ut exactius doceam moderationem tuam, est etiam in hac ciuitate domus eiusdem nominis, quae possidetur ab aduersariis ex paterna hereditate ’.
      Defensor Nilo procuratori dixit : ‘ Audistine aduersam partem dicentem possidere te etiam domum eiusdem nominis ac fundus ? Itaque necesse est ut declares utrum in possessione domus partisue eius sis necne ’.
      Nilus per interpretem Anubionem ministrorum principem dixit : ‘ Num haec domus sit nescio ’.
      Defensor dixit ei : ‘ Quis ergo pensiones accipit ? ’
      Per eundem interpretem respondit : ‘ Nemo : iam enim incensa est ’.
      Defensor dixit ei : ‘ Ecquid ? Negaueras antea domum esse huius nominis, nunc autem esse quidem confiteris, incensam autem esse dicis ? ’
      Nilus per eundem interpretem respondit : ‘ Omnia ignoro nec pensiones accipio ’.
      Defensor dixit : ‘ Cum apud gesta mediocritatis meae deposita sit sacra uenerabilisque lex dominorum nostrorum perpetuorum regum, quae distincte iubet iustum initium non requiri si quadraginta annorum spatium transierit aliquo bona possidente ; cum autem Germanus de uico Caranide testis exstiterit Heroidis et Taësis partes fundum possidere nomini Atisii inscriptum, eisque in fuga constitutis a uicanis fundum satum esse ; cum denique procurator ab eisdem mulieribus constitutus Heroidis maritus declarauerit nouisse se domum quoque eidem nomini cui praedicta iugera inscriptam ; secundum praedictam sacram uenerabilemque legem de longinqua possessione et secundum Germani, uici Caranidis primatis, testimonium : Heroidis et Taësis is fundus esse (uidetur) et sacrosancta tributa pro eo fundo debita ita ab eisdem soluenda esse, ut iam soluebant pro domo quam habebant aliisque rebus eiusdem nominis : non est enim mediocritatis meae, sacra lege oblata, longinquam possessionem inquietare ’.
      Nilus dixit : ‘ Prouoco ’.
      Defensor dixit ei : ‘ Dimittam (?) ’.
 
 
Greek text  ( Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri ).
  
 
Col. 1
[ἀντίγραφον ὑπομνηματισμοῦ. ἐξ ὑπομ]νημ̣α̣τ̣ισμῶ̣ν̣ [....].....μ̣ί̣ωνος συν̣[δίκ(ου) Ἀρσ(ινοίτου)]. | [ὑπατείας τῶν δεσποτῶν] ἡ̣μῶν Κωνσταντίου τὸ β καὶ Κώνσταντος τὸ α Αὐγούστων, Παχὼν [β]β. | [παρόντων - ca. ? - ]..εως καὶ Χαιρήμονος Γεροντίου καὶ Γεροντίου Ἀμμωνίου καὶ Ἱερακαπόλλωνος βουλευτῶν | [καὶ - ca. ? - ] κ̣[αὶ] Νείλου νειλομέτρου καὶ Ἀνουβίωνος ἀρχιυ[π]η̣ρ̣έτου καὶ Ἠλία καὶ Σαμβᾶ δ̣η̣μοσίων συνδίκου | [Ταῆσις καὶ Ἡραὶς - ca. ? - ἀπὸ κ]ώμης Καρανίδος πρὸς κληρονόμους Ἀτισίου δι᾽ ἐ̣ν̣τ̣ολικαρίου Νείλου τοῦ παρόντος ἐντυχάνουσιν. | [Θεόδωρος ῥ(ήτωρ) ἀνέγνω· ὑπατείας τῶ]ν̣ δεσποτῶν ἡμῶν Κωνσταντί[ου] τὸ β καὶ Κώνσταντος τὸ α Αὐγούστων, Παχὼν ι̣ε. | [Αὐρηλία Ταῆσις - ca. ? - ἀπὸ] κώμης Καρανίδος τοῦ Ἀρσι(νοίτου) νομοῦ τῷ ἀ̣ν̣[δ]ρ̣ὶ̣ τ̣ῆ̣ς̣ ἑ̣τ̣έ̣ρ̣ας ἀδελφῆς Ἡ̣ραείδο[ς] [[..]] Αὐρηλί[ῳ] | [Νείλῳ - ca. ? - ἀπὸ τῆς μητροπόλε]ως χαίρειν· ἐπειδὴ δ̣ί̣κη ἡμ̣ῖ̣ν ἀνάκ̣ι̣ται πρ̣[ὸ]ς̣ κληρονόμους Ἀτισίου περὶ ὧν πρ[.].[.].[ - ca. ? - ] | [ - ca. ? - ] Ἀτισίου ἀλλο̣τρίων πανθάπασι̣ν̣ τ̣υγχανόντω̣ν̣ αὐτοῦ, ἐγὼ δὲ αὐτὴ̣ ἀ̣[δ]υ̣ν̣ατ̣ῶ [.].[.]..[ - ca. ? - ] | [ - ca. ? - ἐ]πὶ τ[ο]ῦ συνδίκου τοῦ δοθέντ̣ο̣ς̣ [δ]ι̣καστοῦ κα[τὰ] κ̣έλευσιν τῆς ἐπαρχικῆς ἐξο̣[υ]σ̣ία̣ς̣ | [ - ca. ? - ] ̣εν, ἐ̣ντέλλομαί  σοι  καὶ  ἐπιτρέπω̣  <καὶ> αὐτοτελῆ ἐξ[ου]σ̣ίαν δίδομι ὥστε δικά̣σ̣α̣σ̣θ̣α̣ι̣ π̣ρὸς αὐτο[ὺς] | [ - ca. ? - ]ικ̣ ἀκολούθως τοῖς προ̣σ̣οῦσιν ἡμῖν δ̣ι̣καί̣ο̣ι̣ς̣ ὡς ἐμοῦ παρούση̣ς̣. κ̣υ̣ρ̣ί̣α καὶ βεβαί[α] | [ἡ ἐντολὴ πρὸς πάντα τὰ ἐκεῖ π]ραχ̣θησόμενα. τὴν δὲ ἐν̣τολὴν ταύτην μο̣να̣χ̣ήν σοι ἐξεδόμην, ἥτις κυρία ἐστὶ̣ | [πανταχοῦ ἐπιφερομένη. Αὐρη]λί[α] Ταῆσις ἡ προκιμένη ἐξεδ̣ό̣μην σοὶ τὴν ἐ̣ν̣τ̣ολὴν ὡς πρόκιται.  Αὐρήλιος  Μωρίω(ν) | [ἔγραψα  ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς ἀγραμμάτου]. μετὰ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν Θεόδωρος ῥ(ήτωρ)   εἶπ(εν)·   οὐ   δεόντ̣ως   καὶ   παρὰ   τοὺς   νόμους ἐνοχλούμενα̣[ι] | [αἱ συνηγορούμεναι περὶ γῃδί]ων τῶν μὴ διαφερόντων αὐτ̣α̣ις καταπεφεύγασιν διὰ λιβέλλων ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον τὸν λαμ-|[πρότατον ἔπαρχον τῆς Αἰγύπτο]υ Φλ(άυιον) Φιλάγριον, καὶ ἅτινα προσέταξεν αὐτοῦ τὸ μ̣ε̣γ̣αλῖον, συγχώρι μοι παραθέσθαι. | [ὁ σύνδικος Θεοδώρῳ εἶπ(εν)· τὰ προσ]ταχθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου μου λαμπροτάτου ἐπάρχου τῆς Αἰγύπτου Φλ(αυίου) Φιλαγρίου ἀνάγνωθει. κα[ὶ] | [εἶπ(εν)· ἀναγνώσομαι. καὶ ἀνέγνω· Φλ(άυιος) Φι]λάγριος συνδίκῳ Ἀ[ρσ]ι̣νοίτου χαίρειν· τίνα ἠξίωσαν Ἡραεὶς καὶ Ταῆ̣σ̣ις, ἐκ το ἀντιτύπου |
Col. 2
το̣ῦ̣ σ̣υ̣ν̣ε̣ζευγ̣μ̣έ̣ν[ο]υ λιβέλλου μ̣αθεῖν δυνήσει. καὶ φρόντισον τῆς δημοσίας ἀπαιτήσεως κατὰ μηδένα τρόπον ἐμποδιζομένης | τῆς ἀξιώσεως αὐτῶν τ̣ὴν δέουσαν πρόνοιαν κατὰ τ[ο]ὺς νόμους ποιήσασθαι. ἔρρωσο. μετὰ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν προσέθηκεν· ἀνα-|γιγνώσ̣κ̣ω καὶ τὸν λιβέλλον. καὶ ἀναγνοὺς προσέθηκεν· οὐκ ἁπλῶς οὐδ᾽ ὡς ἔτυχεν αἱ συνηγερούμεναι λιβέλλον ἀνέτιναν | ἐπὶ τὴν ἐπαρχον ἐξουσίαν· καὶ ἑξῆς λέγοντος, Ἀλέξανδρος ῥ(ήτωρ) εἶπ(εν)· παραγράφομαι. / ὁ σύνδικος αὐτῷ εἶπ(εν)· εἰπὲ τὴν παραγραφήν. Ἀλέξανδρος εἶπ(εν)· | εὐκταῖον μὲν ἦν τοι συνηγ̣ορουμένοις τὸν ἀγῶνα συστή̣σ̣ασθαι ἐπὶ τοῦ μίζονος δικαστηρίου πρὸς τὸ συκοφάντας φανείσας | τὰς ἀντιδίκους τιμωρίαν ὑποσ̣τῆναι· πάντα γὰρ ἐσυκοφάντησαν δι᾽ οὗ ἀνήνεγκαν λιβέλλου ἐπὶ τὴν ἐπαρχον ἐξουσίαν. ἤδη γὰρ τὴν παραγρα-|φὴν ἣν προυτινάμην τῷ σεμνῷ τούτῳ δικαστηρίῳ ἐννόμως παραθήσομαι πρὸς τὸ ἀναδιδάξαι τὴν σὴν καθαρότητα ὡς ὅτι ματέως | ἀ̣ν̣τ̣ί̣δ̣ικοι | κεκινήκασιν πρὸς ἡμᾶς δικαστήριον. θείῳ τοίνυν καὶ προσκυνητῷ νόμῳ ἐπεριδόμενος τῶν δεσποτῶν ἡμῶν αἰωνίων Αὐγούστω(ν) | ἕστηκα εἰ̣ς τὸ δικαστήριον ὅστις κελεύει τὸν ἐν νομῇ τυγχάνοντα πραγμάτων τεσσερακονταετῆ χρόνον μηδαμῶς ἀποκινῖσθαι | παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τὴν νομὴν μηδὲ παλαιὰν ζητῖσθαι   ἀρχήν.   ὁ   τοίνυν   πατὴρ   τῶν   δι᾽   ἐναντίας   κέκτηται περὶ κώμην Καρανίδα ἀρούρας ἐκποιη-|θείσας [[καὶ]] ἢ παραχωρηθείσας αὐτῷ, οὐκ εἴσμεν· ὅστις τὴν καλλιεργίαν αὐτῶν ἐποιεῖτο καὶ τὰ περιγινόμενα ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν εἰς τὸ ἴδιον | ἀπεφέρετο, ὁμοίως καὶ τὰ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν δημόσια τελέσματα εἰσέφερεν τῷ ἱερωτάτῳ ταμείῳ ἀντιλογ̣ί̣α̣ς οὐδε̣μιᾶς γιγνο-|μένης ἐπὶ ὅλα τεσσεράκοντα πέντε ἔτη ἐκίνου νεμομένου, λέγω δὴ τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν ἀντιδίκων, μηδεμίαν μέμψιν ποιησαμένου. | ἀλλ᾽ ἔδοξεν, ἵνα μὴ πολλὰ λέγω, τελευτῆσαι τὸν πατέρα τῶν ἀντιδίκων ἐπὶ κληρονόμοις ταῖς θυγατράσιν, λέγω δὴ ταῖς ἀντιδίκαις αἵτιναις | ἀντέχειν μὴ δυνηθεῖσαι πρὸς τὰ ζητούμενα τελέσματα τῶν αὐτῶν ἀρουρῶν φυγῇ ἐχρήσατο. καὶ τί ἠδύνατο ποιεῖν ὁ πραιπόσιτος | τοῦ πάγου; τῆς ἀσφαλείας ἑαυτοῦ προνοούμενος ὁμοῦ τε καὶ τῶν δημοσίων εἰσφορῶν παραγενόμενος ἐπὶ τῆς κώμης, | ἐκδέδωκεν ταύτας τοῖς ἀγροίκοις πρὸς γεωργίαν. ἡ δὲ μία τῶν ἀντιδίκων συνελθοῦσα ἀνδρεὶ Νείλῳ τούτῳ τῷ π̣αρόντι εἰς τὸ | δικαστήριον, μετῆλθεν τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς κώμης, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὸν πέρυσι ἐνιαυτὸν ἐγεώργησαν τὰ γῄδια, τῶν φόρω̣ν̣ ἕνεκεν | καὶ ἀπῄτησεν καὶ εἰς τὸ ἴδιον ἀπηνέγκατο ὡς δεσπότης τυγχανων τῶν γῶν. ἐπὶ τοίνυν παρελογίσαντο τὴν μίζο̣ν̣α ἐξουσίαν, |
Col. 3
ἀξιῶ συνχωρηθῆναί μοι ἀναγν̣ῶναι τὸν θεῖον καὶ προσκυνητὸν νόμον τῶν δεσποτῶν ἡμῶν αἰωνίων Αὐγούσ[τ]ων ὃ̣ς κελεύει εἰ παρέλθοιεν | τεσσερακονταετὴς χρό̣νος ν̣ε̣μ̣ομένου τινὸς πράγματα μηδαμῶς ἐπιβένιν τινὰ τοῖς πράγμασιν ἢ παραλύειν τὴν πολυχρόνιον νομήν. | / ὁ σύνδικος αὐτῷ εἶπ(εν)· ὃν φῇς ἔχειν μετὰ χεῖρας θεῖον καὶ προσκυνητὸν νόμον ἀνάγνωθει. καὶ ἀνέγνω οὕτως· οἱδεσπότε ἡμῶν Κωνσταντῖνος Σεβαστὸς | καὶ Κωνσταντῖνος καὶ Κων̣στ̣άντι[ο]ς̣ ἐπιφανέστατοι Καίσαραις Ἀγριππίνῳ βουλ(ευτῇ)· καὶ παλαιᾶς νομῆς εἰς τοσοῦτον ἤρεσεν ἔχεσθαι τὸν λογισμὸν ἵνα | ἀπ᾽ ἐκίνων εἰ συνέστηκ̣ε̣ν̣ τ̣ὸ̣ [...].. π̣ερὶ οὗ ἐστιν ἡ ζήτ̣ησις τε̣σσεράκοντα ἔτεσιν νενεμῆσθαι μηδὲ τὸν κανόνα τῆς νομῆς ζητῖσθαι. ἤρε-|σεν καὶ δικαίου κανόνος̣ [..]..ρ̣.κ̣οντος τῇ τῆς δεκ[α]ετίας ἢ εἰκοσαετίας παραγραφῇ τὴν κάτοχον βοηθεῖσθαι καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς. μετὰ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν | / ὁ σύνδικος Ἀλεξά̣ν̣δ̣ρῳ̣ [ε]ἶπ(εν)· ὀφίλεις καὶ τὴν γεγενημένην εἰς αὐτοὺς παραχώρησιν ἀναγνῶναι ἵν᾽ εἰδομεν τὸ διάστημα τοῦ χρόνου καὶ \τὰ/ ἀκό̣-|λουθα τῷ θείῳ νόμῳ π̣ραχθῆ̣ναι δυνηθῇ. Ἀλέξανδρος εἶπ(εν)· εἴται ἐξεποι̣ήθησαν εἴται παρ̣εχωρήθησαν οὐκ εἴσμεν· παλαιὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ χρόνος. | / ὁ σύνδικος τῷ ῥ̣(ήτορι) [Θ]ε̣ο̣[δώ]ρῳ εἶπ(εν)· πόσος ἐστὶν χρόνος ἀ̣φ᾽ οὗ ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ἐτελεύτησεν; \Θεόδωρος εἶπ(εν)/· οὐκ ἔστιν πολὺς χρόνος. Ἀλέξανδρος εἶπ(εν)· | παρελήλυθεν τε̣σσερακονταετὴς χρ̣όνος καὶ πρ̣ός, αὐτῶν νεμομένων ταύτας τὰς ἀρούρας. / ὁ σύνδικος αὐτῷ εἶπ(εν)· πόσα δέ ἐστιν | ἔτη ἀπὸ τῆς καταπατήσεως Σαβίνου τοῦ κηνσιτορεύσαντος; Θεόδωρος εἶπ(εν)· μάλα μόλεις τριάκοντα καὶ τρία ./ ὁ σύνδικος αὐτῷ εἶπ(εν)· καὶ τίς κατὰ τὸν πέρυσι ἐ̣νι-|αυτὸν συνε[κο]μ̣ίσ̣ατο; Θεόδωρο[ς] ε̣ἶπ(εν)· οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς κώμη̣ς̣. Ν̣εῖλος ἐντολικάριος εἶπ(εν)· οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς κώμης. Θεόδωρος εἶπ(εν)· φυγῇ χρησαμένων τῶν πρὸς ἐμοῦ βοη-|θουμένων ἔτε̣σιν πέντε καὶ πρός, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀλλοδαπ̣ῆς̣ διατριβόντων, οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς κώμης ἐπειδήπερ \εἰς αὐτοὺς/ διέβενεν τὰ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρουρῶν τελούμενα | ἐγεώργησαν τὴν γῆν· εἶτα τῶν βοηθουμένων ἐπανελθόντων ἐπὶ τὴν θρεψαμένην, παραδέδωκαν μὲν αὐταῖς τὰς ἀρούρας, παραδέδωκαν δὲ κα̣ὶ̣ τὰ | ἀπὸ ὀνόματος Ἀτισίου {ων} ἀλλοτρίαι\ς/ πανθάπασιν καθεστη\κιείαις/ τῶν δεσποτῶν ἑστηκότων. τούτου ἕνεκεν καταπεφεύγασιν ἐπὶ τὸν κύρι[ό]ν̣ μ̣ο̣υ̣ | τὸν λαμπρότατ[ο]ν̣ ἔ̣π̣αρχον τῆς Αἰγύπτου Φλ(άουιον) Φιλάγριον ἀξιοῦσαι μηδαμῶς ἐνοχλεῖσθαι προφάσι τῶν αὐτῶν γῃδίων, ἀλλ᾽ ἕκαστον τὰ ἑαυτοῦ γῄδια ἔχειν̣ καὶ μὴ | ὑπέραλλα κετέ̣χ̣εσθαι. ἐπὶ τοίνυν πάρισιν καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς κώμης οἱ δυνάμενοι καταθέσθαι τίνων εἴη τὰ γῄδια καὶ τίς τὴν κατασπορὰν   πεποίηται   τούτ̣ων,   ἀξιῶ | πυσμα   σε   αὐτο[ὺς]   προσαγαγῖν. / ὁ σύνδικος Γερμανῷ εἶπ(εν)· τί λέγει ὁ παρὼν Γερμανός; κατὰ ποίαν πρόφασιν ταύτην τὴν γῆν ὑμεῖς κατεσπίρατε; δι᾽ Ἀνουβίωνος | ἑρμηνεύοντο̣ς εἶπ(εν)· εὐλαβῶς ἔχοντες μὴ εἰς ἡμᾶς τὰ τελέσματα | ἔλθῃ κατεσπί̣ραμεν ταύτας. / ὁ σύνδικος εἶπ(εν)· καὶ πόσος ἐστὶν χρόνος ἀφ᾽ οὗ αὐ̣τὰς κα̣τ̣εσπίραται; διὰ τοῦ αὐ[τ]οῦ ἑρμ(ηνέως) ἀπεκρ(ίνατο)· μίαν μόνην ἰνδικτίονα κατεσπίραμεν αὐτά. / ὁ σύνδικος αὐτῷ εἶπ(εν)·   καὶ   πῶς   σήμερον   το̣ῖς   περὶ   Νεῖλον   αὐτ̣ὰς παρεσ[χήκ]α̣τε; διὰ τοῦ | αὐτοῦ ἑρμ(ηνέως) ἀπεκρ(ίνατο)· ὁμοῦ̣ λέγοντες ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν. / ὁ σύνδικος αὐτῷ εἶπ(εν)· ὑ̣πὸ σπορὰν αὐτοῖς παρεδόκατε τὴν γῆν; διὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἑρμηναίος |
Col. 4
ἀ̣π̣εκρ(ίνατο)·   αὖ   ἀλλὰ   παρεσχήκαμεν   ὑπὲρ   ἑκάστης   ἀρούρης σίτου ἀρτάβας τρῖς . Θεόδωρος ῥ(ήτωρ) εἶπ(εν)· ψ̣εύδεται· οὐδὲν εἴληφαν̣ ἀ̣λ̣λὰ ἠναγκ̣ά̣[σ]θ̣η [[.]] μ[...].. π̣α̣ρ̣α̣δ̣έ̣ξα̣σ̣θ̣α̣ι ....ε.. | τῶν αὐτῶν γῃδίων. / ὁ σύνδικος εἶπ(εν)· καὶ ἐχρῆν σε πάραυτα ἀναγκασθέντα μέμψασθαι δι᾽ ἐν̣γ̣ράφων καὶ μηδὲ̣ φόρον̣ π̣α̣ρ̣α̣δ̣έ̣ξασθαι. Νεῖλος δι᾽ ἑρμ(ηνέως) εἶπ(εν)· πάραυτα ἦλθο̣ν̣ τ̣ῷ̣ | πραιποσίτῳ καὶ εἶπέν μοι· ἀνένεγκον λιβέλλον ἐπὶ τὸν ἔπαρχον. Ἀλέξανδρος εἶπ(εν)· ἵνα τοίν[υ]ν̣ ἐντελέστερον ἀν̣αδιδ̣ά̣ξω̣ τ̣ὴν σὴν ἐ̣μμέλιαν, ἔ̣σ̣τ̣ιν κ̣α̣ὶ οἰκόπ̣εδον τοῦ | αὐτο̣ῦ ὀνόματος ἐπὶ τῆσδε τῆς πόλεως διακατεχόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ἀντιδίκων ἀπὸ πατρῴας αὐτῶν διαδοχῆς. / ὁ σύνδικος̣ Ν̣ε̣ῖλῳ ἐντολ̣ι̣κ̣αρίῳ εἶπ(εν)· ἀκή̣κ̣ο̣ας αὐτοῦ <τοῦ> δ̣ι̣α̣δ̣ικοῦν̣τ̣ο̣[ς] | μέρο̣υς φήσαντος διακατέχειν σε καὶ οἰκόπεδον τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὀνόματος τῶν γῃδίων καὶ ὀφίλεις καταθέσθαι εἰ ἐν νομῇ τυγχάνις̣ τ̣ο̣ῦ̣ οἰκοπέδ̣[ο]υ̣ ἢ μέρο̣υ̣[ς] ε̣ἲ μ̣ή̣. Ν̣εῖλος δι(ὰ) Ἀνου-|βίωνος ἀρχιυπηρ(έτου) ἑρμ(ηνεύοντος) εἶπ(εν)· οὐκ οἶδα εἰ ἔνι̣ οἰκία. / ὁ σύνδικος   αὐτῷ   εἶπ(εν)·   τίς   τοίνυν   τὰ   στεγανόμια   κομίζεται;   δ̣ιὰ   τοῦ   αὐτ̣[οῦ]   ἑ̣ρ̣μ̣(ηνέως) ἀπεκρ(ίνατο)· οὐδεί̣ς. κ̣α̣τέπε̣σεν γ̣ά̣ρ. / ὁ σ̣ύ̣[ν]δικος \α̣ὐ̣τ̣ῷ̣/ εἶπ(εν)· | πῶς τοίνυν κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔξαρνος ἐγίνου μὴ εἶναι οἰκόπεδον τούτου ὀνόματος, νυνὶ δὲ ὁμολογεῖς εἶναι μ̣έ̣ν̣, καταπεπ̣τ̣ω̣κέναι δέ; Νεῖλος διὰ̣ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἑρμ(ηνέως) ἀ̣πε̣κρ(ίνατο) ὅτι | οὐδὲν οἶδα οὐδὲ ἐνοίκια εἴληφον. / ὁ σύνδικος εἶπ(εν)· θείου καὶ προσκυνητοῦ νόμου τῶν δ̣ε̣σποτῶν ἡμῶν αἰων̣ί̣ω̣ν̣ βασιλαίω̣ν̣ π̣αρατεθέντ̣ος ἐπὶ τῶν ὑπο-|μνημάτων τῆς ἐ[μ]ῆ̣ς μετριότητος διαρρήδην προσταττος εἰ τεσσερακονταετὴς παρέλθοιεν νομομένου τινὸς πράγ̣ματα μηδὲ | δικαίαν ἀρχὴν ζη̣τῖσθαι, ἐπὶ τοίνυν καὶ Γερμανὸς ἀπὸ κώμης Καρανίδος κατέθετ̣ο ὡς τῶν περὶ Ἡρωείδα κ̣α̣ὶ̣ Ταῆσιν ἐν νομ̣ῇ οὐσῶν τοῦ ὀνόματος | Ἀτισίου, διὰ δὲ τὸ ἐν φυγῇ αὐτὰς τὸ πρὶν εἶναι κατεσπάρθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς κώμης, κατέθετο δὲ καὶ ὁ ἀποσυσ̣τ̣[α]θ̣εὶς ὑπὸ α̣ὐ̣[τ]ῶν ἐντολικάριος ἀνὴρ τῆς | Ἡρωεί̣[δ]ος γιγνώσκειν καὶ τὸ οἰκόπεδον τοῦ ὀνόματος τῶν αὐτῶν ἀρουρῶν, ὅθεν ἀκόλουθόν ἐστιν αὐτῷ̣ τ̣ῷ̣ θείῳ κα̣ὶ̣ [π]ρο̣σκυ̣ν̣η̣[τ]ῷ̣ νόμῳ̣ καὶ τῇ π̣ο̣-|λυχρονίῳ νομῇ ἀκολούθως καὶ τῇ φωνῇ Γερμανοῦ τοῦ μίζονος κώμης Καραν̣ίδ̣ο̣ς ἔχεσθαι Ἡρωείδα καὶ Τ̣α̣ῆ̣σ̣ι̣ν τῶν α̣ὐ̣τῶν γ̣ῃ̣δίων καὶ τ̣ε̣λεῖν | τὰ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶ̣[ν] ε̣ὐσ[ε]β̣ῆ τελέσματα καθὰ καὶ ἐτέλουν ἐχόντων αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ οἰκόπεδον καὶ π̣ᾶσα̣ν τὴν εὐπ̣ορία̣[ν] τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὀνόματος. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν | τῆς ἐμῆς μετρι̣ό̣τ̣ητος θείου̣ παρατεθέντος νόμου πολυχρόνιον παρασαλεύειν ν̣ο̣μήν. Νεῖλος εἶπ(εν)· ἐκκαλ̣ο̣ῦ̣μ̣α̣ι̣. / ὁ σύνδικ̣ο̣ς αὐτῷ εἶπ(εν)· ε̣ἰ̣ς βιβλία̣.
 
English translation ( Advanced Papyrological Information System ).
  
 
Col. 1
Copy of a record of legal proceeding. From the minutes of ..., defensor of the Arsinoite. In the consulate of our lord Constantius for the 2nd time and Constans for the 1st time, Augusti, Pachon 22. In the presence of NN son of NN, Chairemon son of Gerontios, Gerontios son of Ammonios, and Hierakapollon, councillors, and NN (office), Neilos the Nilometres, Anoubion chief assistant and Elias and Sambas public servants of the defensor, Taesis and Herais, daughters of NN, from the village of Karanis, acting through their mandatary Nilos, who is present, petition against the heirs of Atisios. Theodoros, advocate, read : "In the consulate of our lords Constantius for the 2nd time and Constans for the 1st time, Augusti, Pachon 15. Aurelia Taesis daughter of NN from the village of Karanis of the Arsinoite nome to the husband of her other sister Herais, Aurelius Nilos son of NN, from the metropolis, greetings. Since a lawsuit has arisen between us and the heirs of Atisis concerning [property, of which they allege that they] belonged [to our father] Atisis, even though they have absolutely nothing to do with hm, and since I myself am not able [because I am a weak woman, to represent myself] before the defensor, who at the instructions of his Highness the Prefect of Egypt [to whom we submitted a petition?] has been given us as judge, therefore I appoint and authorize you and give you full power to conduct the proceedings against them . . . in accordance with the rights which belong to us, as if I were present. This mandate is authoritative and secure with respect to everything which will be transacted there. I have drwn up this mandate, which is authoritative wherever it is produced, in a single copy for you. I, Aurelius Morion, wrote for her because she is illiterate." After the reading, Theodoros, advocate, said, "My clients, being burdened improperly and contrary to the laws concerning plots of land which do not belong to them, have fled through petitions before his lordship the most brilliant prefect of Egypt, Flavius Philagrius, and permit me to enter into the record what his highness ordered." The defensor said to Theodoros, "Read the orders of my lord the most brilliant prefect of Egypt, Flavius Philagrius." And he said, "I will read it." And he read, "Flavius Philagrius to the defensor of the Arsinoite, greetings. What Herais and Taesis have requested, you will be able to learn from the copy
Col. 2
of the attached petition. Take pains to give the necessary consideration to their request in accordance with the laws, but with no impediment to the collection of public dues in any way. Farewell." After the reading he added, "I shall now read the petition as well." After reading this, he added, "Neither thoughtlessly nor at random did my clients submit a petition to the Prefect." As he was continuing, Alexandros, advocate, said "Objection !" The defensor civitatis said to him, "State your objection." Alexandros said, "It would have suited my clients to plead the case before the higher court in order to have our opponents undergo punishment when their malice became evident. For there is nothing but malice in the petition which they submitted to the Prefect. And now I shall formally depose before this august court the objection which I just now proffered in order to prove to Your Excellency that our opponents have set the court in motion against us totally without reason. I have come before the court, relying on a divine and venerated law of our masters, the eternal Augusti, which provides that IF ANYONE IS IN POSSESSION OF PROPERTY FOR A PERIOD OF FORTY YEARS, HIS POSSESSION IS IN NO WAY TO BE REMOVED FROM HIM NOR IS THE DATE OF THE INCEPTION OF POSSESSION TO BE INVESTIGATED. "Now the father of our opponents owned in the vicinity of the village of Karanis fields which had been made over or ceded to him, we do not know which. He performed the cultivation of these fields, appropriated their produce to his private purse and likewise paid to the imperial treasury the public taxes levied upon them, with no dispute arising during the entire forty-five years in which he, I mean the father of our opponents, who incurred no reproach, was in possession. Now it seems, to be brief, that the father of our opponents died leaving as heirs his daughters, I mean our opponents, who, unable to meet the taxes demanded on the said fields, took to flight. What could the praepositus pagi do ? Having an eye at once to his own safety and to the public revenues, he came to the village and assigned these fields to the peasants for cultivation. But one of our opponents married Nilos, the man here present in court, and made a claim against the villagers to collect rent because they had cultivated the plots during the previous year. She demanded rent and appropriated it to her private purse on the ground that she was still the owner of the land. "Therefore, since they deceived the higher authority,
Col. 3
I beg leave to read the divine an venerated law of our masters, the eternal Augusti, which provides that IF A PERIOD OF FORTY YEARS HAS ELAPSED WITH A PERSON IN POSSESION OF PROPERTY, NO ONE IS IN ANY WISE TO PROCED AGAINST HIS PROPERTY OR DISSOLVE HIS LONGSTANDING POSSESSION." The defensor said to him, "Read the divine and venerated law which you say you have at hand." "OUR MASTERS CONSTANTINE AUGUSTUS AND CONSTANTINE AND CONSTANTIUS MOST NOBLE CAESARS TO THE SENATOR AGRIPPINUS : IT IS OUR PLEASURE THAT CONSIDERATION BE TAKEN ALSO OF THE LENGTH OF THE POSSESSION TO THE EXTENT THAT, IF IT IS ESTABLISHED BY INQUIRIY FROM THEM THAT THE PROPERTY (?) WITH WHICH THE INVESTIGATION IS CONCERNED HAS BEEN HELD FOR FORTY YEARS, NOT EVEN THE GROUNDS OF THE POSSESSION BE INVESTIGATED. IT IS OUR PLEASURE MOREOVER THAT, SINCE LEGAL GROUNDS OF POSSESSION ARE NECESSARY (?) ONLY FOR PRESCRIPTION AFTER TEN OR TWENTY YEARS, THE PRESENT HOLDER BE AWARDED THE PROTECTION OF THE COURT, (etc.)." After the reading, the defensor said to Alexandros, "You should read also the deed of cession issued to them, in order that we may know the interval of time and that action may be taken in accordance with the divine law." Alexandros said, "Whether the fields were made over or were ceded, we do not know, for it was a long time ago." The defensor said to the advocate Theodoros, "How long is it since your (clients') father died ?" Theodoros said, "Not long." Alexandros said, "The space of forty years and more has elapsed with them in possession of the fields." The defensor said to him, "How many years is it since the official survey by Sabinus the then censitor ?" Theodoros said, "Barely thirty-three." The defensor said to him, "Who gathered in the harvest last year ?" Theodoros said, "The villagers." Nilos, appearing on behalf of Herois and Taesis, said, "The villagers." Theodoros said, "Since my clients had been in flight for five years and more and were living away from the village, and since the taxes on the land devolved upon the villagers, the latter cultivated the land. Then, when my clients returned to their native village, the villagers handed over to them the fields. But they handed over also the property from the estate of Atisios, because the actual owners of that property were firmly maintaining their claim that the land was absolutely not their own. For this reason, my clients fled for refuge to my lord, the most illustrious prefect of Egypt, Flavius Philagrius, to ask that they should not be troubled in any way on account of the said fields, but that each one should keep his own plots and not be held responsible for others' plots. Therefore, since the villagers, who can attest whose the fields are and who did the sowing of them, are also present, I respectfully request permission to bring them forward for questioning." The defensor said to Germanos, "What does Germanos, here present, say ? For what reason did you villagers sow this land ?" Through Anoubion, interpreting for him, he said, "We sowed these fields as a precaution lest the taxes devolve upon us." The defensor said, "And how long is it since you began sowing them ?" Through the same interpreter he answered, "We sowed them for one indiction only." The defensor said to him, "And how is it that you have now handed them over to Nilos and the women ?" Through the same interpreter he answered, "Because we agree that the fields are their property." The defensor said to him, "Did you give them back the land under seed ?" Through the same interpreter
Col. 4
he answered, "No, but we gave them three artabas of wheat for each aroura." Theodoros, advocate, said, "He lies. My clients received nothing, but were compelled . . . to accept (?) . . . the said plots." The defensor said, "Then, if you were being compelled, you ought immediately to have complained through petitions and above all not have accepted rent." Nilos said through the interpreter, "I did go immediately to the praepositus, and he said to me, `Bring a petition before the Prefect.'" Alexandros said, "Well, then, in order the more completely to convince your Grace, there is also a house in this city registered in the same name (i.e., Atisios) and held by our opponents from their father's succession." The defensor said to Nilos, appearing on behalf of Herois and Taesis, "You have heard him, your opponent, say that you possess also a house registered in the same name as the plots, and you must depose whether or not you are in possession of a house or part thereof." Nilos said through Anoubion, the Chief Assistant acting as interpreter, I do not know if there is a house." The defensor said to him, "Well, then, who pockets the rent ?" Through the same interpreter, he answered, "Nobody. It has burned down." The defensor said to him, "How is it, then, that at first you denied there was a house in this name, and now you admit that there was but that it has burned down ?" Nilos replied through the same interpreter, "Because-I don't know anything. And they haven't received any rent." The defensor said, "Whereas a divine and venerated law of our masters, the eternal rulers, set down in the records of My Mediocrity, expressly orders that IF A PERIOD OF FORTY YEARS HAS ELAPSED WITH A PERSON IN POSSESSION OF PROPERTY, THE LEGALITY OF THE INCEPTION OF POSSESSION IS NOT TO BE INVESTIGATED ; since in addition Germanos from the village of Karanis has deposed that Herois and Taesis and their families are in possession of property from the estate of Atisios and that because they were formerly in flight the fields were sown by the villagers; and since even the husband of Herois, appointed by the women to appear in court on their behalf, has deposed that he recognizes also the house registered in the same name as the fields : "Therefore, it follows from the divine and venerated law itself, and from the longstanding possession, and is in accordance also with the testimony of Germanos the headman of the village of Karanis, that Herois and Taesis are to retain ownership of the said plots, and are to pay the imperial taxes on them as in the past, since they possess also the house and the entire estate registered in the same name. For it is not the place of My Mediocrity, since a divine law is applicable, to disturb a longstanding possession." Nilos said, "I appeal." The defensor said to him, "..."
 

 
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►  Source : Papyrus from Karanis ( SB XVI, 12692 = SB V, 8246 = P. Col. VII, 175 ).