THE NEW CONSTITUTIONS OF THE EMPEROR LEO.
~  XLV  ~
JUDGES MUST COMMIT THEIR DECISIONS TO WRITING AND SIGN THEM WITH THEIR OWN HANDS.



 
S. P. Scott, The Civil Law, XVII, Cincinnati, 1932 ).
 

 
The Same Emperor to the Same Stylianus.

  As We are anxious for decisions which have been rendered to remain inviolate, and no suspicion or controversy to attach to them, We have determined that those magistrates whose duty it is to decide and dispose of litigation by means of pronouncing judgment in cases brought before them must commit their decisions to writing, and sign them with their own hands, lest, if a decision should subsequently be found to have been rashly given, the magistrate cannot deny that he rendered it, and also in order that no fraudulent or forged written opinion may be produced, and then presented to any magistrate. Therefore, anyone who is honored with the dignity of judge must hereafter comply with the provisions of this law, and when he renders a decision must commit it to writing, and sign it with his own hand.